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Last updated 25/11/2025

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This page is a list of books containing information about the use of Froebelian paperfolding occupations in kindergarten and elementary schools which were published in Europe and the Americas between 1848 and 1899.

The Froebelian paperfolding occupations are Falten, Ausschneiden und Aufkleben, Single Strip Folding, Verschnuren, Free Weaving (part of Flechten), Braiding, Pappen (Cardboard Modelling) and Napkin Folding.

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1848

'Die Kindergärten' by Wilhelm Middendorf was published by Verlagsbuchhandlung der Kindheit und Jugendbeschäftigungsanstadt in Blankenberg and Rudolfstadt in 1848. It contains a description of children enjoying various paperfolding occupations in a kindergarten setting, notably a Lebensformen sequence from the Windmill Base, but also brief mentions of Ausschneiden and the making of boxes using folding and cutting, probably using the cardboard Modelling technique..

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1850

'Anleitung zum papierfalten' (Instructions for Paperfolding) which was probably first published in one of Froebel's periodicals in 1850, gives Froebel's method of creating four squares and a strip (for Verschnuren) from an oblong sheet, and a sequence of basic Erkenntisformen, used to teach basic mathematical properties, culminating in the Double Blintz Basic Form.

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1852

Chapter XXX of 'Die Padagogik des Kindergartens', a collection of Froebel's writings published in 1862, but which must date to before 1852, when Froebel died, contains mention of Verschnuren and the making of cubes from folded paper. The method by which the cubes are to be made is not given but it is likely that they were constructed using the Cardboard Modelling.technique.

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1854

'Ein zusammenhängendes Ganzes von Spielen und Beschäftigungen für die erste Kindheit' by Baroness von Marenholz - Bulow. which was published by J B Fischer in Dresden in 1854, contains what is probably the earliest summary of Froebel's gifts and occupations. 11 occupations, said to be suitable for children of ages 3 to 10, are described, three of which relate to paperfolding (ie Falten / Verschnuren / Ausschneiden und Aufkleben).

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1855

'Woman's Educational Mission: Being an Explanation of Frederich Froebel's System of Infant Gardens', by Baroness von Marenholtz, translated into English by Elizabeth, Countess Krockow von Wickerode, was published by Darton and Co in London in 1855. It contains brief explanations of the occupations of 'Folding Paper' (ie Falten), 'Stringing Paper' (ie Verschnuren), 'Plaiting Paper' (ie Flechten) and 'Cutting Paper' (ie Ausschneiden und Aufkleben).

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'A Practical Guide to the English Kinder Garten' by Joh and Bertha Ronge was published by Hodson and Son in London, also in 1855. It contains brief sections on 'Paper Folding' (ie Falten) and 'Cutting Paper' (ie Ausschneiden und Aufkleben).

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1856

Part 1 of 'Bilderswerkstatt als Arbeitsubung fur die Jugend in Schule und Haus' by Jan Daniel Georgens, was published in Glogau (then in Germany now in Poland) in 1856. It explains the folding of some basic mathematical forms (ie Erkenntnisformen) from the square, plus the geometry that can be learned from them, and information about Das Ausschneiden (ie Ausschneiden und Aufkleben).

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1857

Part 2 of 'Bilderswerkstatt als Arbeitsubung fur die Jugend in Schule und Haus' by Jan Daniel Georgens and Jean Marie von Gayette was published in Glogau in 1857. It also contains a section about Das Ausschneiden (ie Ausschneiden und Aufkleben).

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1859

'Manuel pratique des jardins d'enfants de Frédéric Froebel' was 'compose sur les documents Allemands' by J F Jacobs and published by F Claassen in Brussells and L Hachette and Cie in Paris in 1859. It contains chapters on Le Pliage (ie Falten), L'Entrelacement (ie Verschnuren) and Le Decoupage (ie Ausschneiden und Aufkleben). The Chapter on 'Le Pliage' contains information about the folding of some basic mathematical forms (ie Erkenntnisformen), 'des formes artistiques' (ie Schonheitsformen) and a list of 'des formes d'objets usuels' (ie Lebensformen).

This work was translated into Dutch and Italian, summarised in Spanish, and also formed the basis of Herman Goldammer's 'Der Kindergarten' (see below).

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1860

'Praktisch Handboek om Kinderen van 2 tot 8 Jaar' by J F Jacobs was published in Brussels and Amsterdam in 1860. It is a translation of 'Manuel pratique des jardins d'enfants de Frédéric Froebel' into Dutch. The paperfolding material in this translation appears to be identical to the material in the original book.

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While not a manual in its own right, a series of articles titled 'Jardines de Infancia' by Mariano Carderera in 'Anales de Primera Ensenanza. Periodico de las escuelas y de los maestros' (Annals of Primary Education: Periodical for Schools and Teachers) published in Madrid in 1860 summarised the material about paperfolding found in 'Manuel Pratique des Jardin D'Enfants de Frédéric Froebel'.

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1861

'Das Paradies der Kindheit' (The Paradise of Childhood) by Lina Morgenstern was published in Leipzig in 1861. It contains sections on 'Das Papierfalten' (Falten), 'Das Ausschneiden' (Ausschneiden und Aufkleben) and 'Das Schnuren ungetheilter Papierstreifen' (Verschnuren).

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1862

'Das Frobel'sche Faltblatt' (Frobel's Folding Sheet) by August Koehler was published by Hermann Bohlau in Weimar in 1862. The work is a guide to the use of a series of very simple paperfolds intended to be used to teach geometrical ideas in the elementary class (ie the two years above kindergarten). The work extends the range of Froebel's original Folds of Knowledge by showing how the square can be folded into other geometrical shapes, in particular using folds of 22.5, 30, and 60 degrees.

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1863

'Katechismus der praktischen Kindergärtnerei' by Friedrich Seidel was published by J J Weber in Leipzig in 1863. It contains chapters on Falten, Verschnuren, Ausschneiden und Aufkleben, and Pappen. The Introduction gives a clear and concise account of the state of kindergarten development in December 1862.

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'De Kleine Papierwerkers' was a series of four books written by Elise Van Calcar and published by K H Schadd in Amsterdam in or around 1863. 3 of the 4 volumes provide information about paperfolding:

Volume 1: 'Wat men van een stukje papier al maken kan: Het vouwen' (What one can make from a piece of paper: Folding) (ie Falten).

Volume 2: 'Wat men uit strookjes papier al vlechten kan' (What one can braid from strips of paper) (ie mostly frame weaving but some free weaving designs).

Volume 4: 'Het Knippen en plakken' (Cutting and Pasting) (ie mostly Ausschneiden und Aufklaben)..

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'Moral Culture of Infancy and Kindergarten Guide' by Mrs Horace Mann (Mary Tyler Peabody) and Elizabeth P Peabody was published by T O H P Burnham in Boston in 1863. It contains information on the use of paperfolding to facilitate the cutting of symmetrical shapes and as a way of teaching mathematical ideas. There is a brief mention of other toys made out of folded paper.

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1865

'De Frobelsche Kartonwerkers' by Elise Van Calcar is a manual of cardboard modelling designs. The work is undated but said to date from 1865.

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A series of booklets about Froebelian occupations by Seidel and Schmidt was published by Hermann Bohlau in Weimar in 1865/6 under the general title of 'Arbeitschule'. There were volumes on Flechten (weaving), Pappen (cardboard modelling), Ausschneiden and Schnuren mit Papier (Verschnuren), but not as far as I know on Falten.

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1866

'Die Arbeit und die neue Erziehung nach Froebel's Methode' (Work and the new education according to Froebel's method) by Bertha von Marenholz-Bulow was published by Adolph Enslin in Berlin in 1866. It provides information about Froebel's Intermediate Class and contains a sample lesson in paperfolding taken from Koehler's 'Das Frobel'sche Faltblatt' (see above) as an example of good practice.

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1869

'Der Kindergarten', edited by Hermann Goldammer, based largely on 'Manuel pratique des jardins d'enfants de Frédéric Froebel' by J F Jacobs (see above) was published by Habel in Berlin in 1869. It contains chapters on Das Falten, Aufschneiden und Aufkleben (as Ausflechen und Ausnahen), Das Flechten and Das Verschnuren.

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'Paradise of Childhood' by Edward Wiebe was published by Milton, Bradley and Company in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1869. It is largely based on Hermann Goldammer's 'Der Kindergarten' (see above).

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1868

'Der Kindergarten in seinen Wesen dargestellt' by August Koehler, which was published by Hermann Bohlau in Weimer in 1868, contains a list of gifts which include Das Faltblatt (Falten) and Das Auschneideblatt (Aufschneiden und Aufkleben). The list does not include Verschnuren although there is a brief reference elsewhere to folded strips.

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1871

'Manuale Practico dei Giradini D'Infanzia di Federico Frobel' is a translation into Italian of 'Manuel pratique des jardins d'enfants de Frédéric Froebel' by J F Jacobs (see above).

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'The Kindergarten' by Dr Adolf Douai is not a manual on the gifts and occupations per se but it is the earliest book to contain Steiger's Catalogue of kindergarten books and equipment which provides a list of 20 gifts (of which three relate to the folding of paper).

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1872

'I Giardini D'Infanzia' by Baronessa di Marenholtz-Bulow was published by G B Paravia e Comp in Rome, Turin, Florence and Milan in 1872. The work only includes incidental references to the paperfolding occupations except for a table which shows which occupations the author considers suitable for each kindergarten year.

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1873

'Die Praxis Des Kindergartens' by August Koehler was published in three parts by Herman Bohlau in Weimar. Inter alia, Part 2, which was published in 1873, contains information about Dem Faltblatt (ie Falten), Dem Ab- und Auschneideblatt (ie Ausschneiden und Aufkleben), Dem Flechten (including Free Weaving), Den Schnurstreifen (Folding from strips). All the forms explained in this work which are developed from Koehler's Groundform are almost certainly original designs by the author, and this is also most probably true of the designs developed from the 2x1 rectangle and the triangle. The author also claims that some of the Free Weaving designs, specifically the Woven basket and the Woven Ship are his own designs, and that he has also invented some of the braided designs shown on Plate XXXI and the Paper Rosette variations shown on Plate XXXIII.

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'Der Kindergarten: Theoretisch-Praktisches Handbuch' by A S Fischer was published by Alfred Holder in Vienna in 1873. It contains some designs folded from paper strips (presented as preliminary exercises for the occupation of Verschnuren).

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'Bilder aus dem Kindergarten fur Mutter und Erzhieherrinen' by Ernst Barth was published in Leipzig in 1873. There are three passages dealing with paperfolding which contain photographic folding instructions. The first of these is simply some basic mathematical shapes, the second and third show how to fold some basic forms of life.

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'Exercices et Travaux pour les Enfants Selon la Méthode et les Procédés de Pestalozzi et de Froebel' by Fanny and Charles Delon was published by Librairie Hachette in Paris in 1873. It contains chapters on Le Tressage (Braiding), Le Pliage (Simple Folds of Life, Folds of Life (list only), Forms of Beauty) and Le Decoupage (Ausschneiden und Aufkleben).

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1874

A third edition of 'Der Kindergarten' by Hermann Goldammer, which contains significantly more information about Schonnheitsformen and Lebensformen than the earlier editions, was published by Carl Babel in Berlin in 1874.

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'Spiel und Arbeit' by Hugo Elm was published by Verlag und Drud der Otto Spamer in Leipzig in 1874. It is probable that the paperfolding material in this first edition was similar to that in the 1885 second edition (see below) but I have not seen a full copy of the first edition so am unable to confirm (or deny) this at present.

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1875

'Praktischer Wegweiser fur den Unterricht in der Elementarklasse' (Practical Guide for Teaching in the Elementary Class) by Anton Fruhwirth, Alois Fellner and Georg Ernst was published by A Pichler's Witwe & Sohn in Vienna in 1872. It contains brief information about Lebensformen, Schonnheitsformen and simple Erkenntnisformen, which appears to have been mostly extracted from the 1874 third edition of 'Der Kindergarten' (see above).

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'Die Formenarbeiten Part 3: Das Falten' by Alois Fellner, which was published by A. Pichler's Witwe & Sohn in Vienna in 1875, contains sections on Erkenntnisformen, Schonheitsformen and Kombinations. An unusual feature of the Schonheitsformen is that the ouline of many of the forms is not square. Kombinations are 'forms that arise from the fact that several similarly folded sheets (ie the Erkenntnisformen) are combined to form a new whole'.

'Die Formenarbeiten Part 4: Das Verschnuren 'by Alois Fellner, was also published by A. Pichler's Witwe & Sohn in Vienna in 1875. In the author's system, this occupation is intended to supercede Falten during the 4th school year. About Falten the Foreword says: 'Folding is only sufficient for the 3rd school year and at most for the first half of the 4th school year.' 'During this time countless folding forms are poresented and copied at school ... so that folding has lost all difficulty for the children's hands ... and they eventually crave something new.'There is no sense whatsoever in this work that children could be encouraged to enjoy paperfolding as a creative activity rather than as a rote copying exercise.

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'Froebels Methode' by Elise Van Calcar was published in 1875. There are chapters about 'Het Vouwen' (Falten), 'Het Papiervlechten' (Flechten) (which contains information about braiding) and 'Het Uitknippen, Scheuren en Opplakken' (Ausschneiden und Aufkleben). The majority of the illustrations previously appeared in the author's work 'De Kleine Papierwerkers', books 1, 2 and 4.

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1876

'Die Formenarbeiten Part 6: Die Papparbeiten' followed in 1876.Die Formenarbeiten Part 6: Die Papparbeiten' (Cardboard Modelling) by Alois Fellner was published by Wien, A. Pichler's Witwe & Sohn during the years 1874/79. The designs fall into three categories, boxes, polyhedra and life forms (in this case buildings). The construction of boxes is recommended for five to six year olds in the kindergarten and of polyhedra and life forms for the sixth, seventh and eighth grades of elementary and secondary schools.

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1877

'Kindergarten Practice: Part II Froebel's Plane Surfaces' is an abridged translation of Koehler's 'Die Praxis Des Kindergarten' by Mary Gurney. The date of the first edition is unknown. The second was published in 1877. It contains sections on Paper Folding (Falten), Cutting (Ausschneiden und Aufklaben) and the folding of bookmarks (Flechten).

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'Le jardin d'enfants, dons et occupations' is a translation into French , by Louis Fournier, published in 1877, of the 1874 third edition of Hermann Goldammer's 'Der Kindergarten'. (See above.)

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1879

'Paedagogische Bibliotheek VI Frobel' by J Versluys, which was published by W Versluys in Groningen in 1879, is not a Froebelian manual per se but rather a critical appreciation of Froebel's system. There are sections on Falten, Verschnuren, Ausschneiden und Aufkleben, and Cardboard Modelling. The illustrations are taken from 'Katechismus der praktischen Kindergärtnerei' by Friedrich Seidel (see for 1863 above). While the text is largely based on the text of the earlier work it includes substantial interpolations by the author, who is particularly critical of the use of verbal descriptions of, or names for, paperfolds, particularly to describe Folds of Life, which he would probably remove from the Froebelian curriculum completely.

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'Manual Teorico-Practico de Educacion Parvulos' by D Pedro de Alcantara Garcia, 1879 was published in Madrid by the Imprenta del Colegio Nacional de Sordo-mudos y de Ciegos in 1879. It was the winner of a competition for 'a theoretical - practical treatise on teaching pre-school children according to the kindergarten system, known by the name of Froebel' set up by a decree issued by the Ministry of Development on 31st March 1876 (in fact it was the only entry to meet the requirements of the rules). Inter alia there are chapters devoted to the Froebelian occupations of Flechten (Braiding), Verschnuren, Falten and Ausschneiden und Aufkleben.

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1880

'The Kindergarten Principle' by Mary J Lyschinska was published by Wm Isbister Ltd in London in 1880 . It contains a section on Paper-Folding (ie Falten). The work contains 3D drawings of many of the Folds of Life mentioned in the text, but the folding instructions are in words. The work also explains how to develop the 'Windmill Ground Form' from the Double Blintz Basic Form, in two different ways, and the 'Double Windmill Ground Form' from the Triple Blintz Basic Form (although no designs are developed from the latter base).

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A second revised and enlarged edition of 'Kleiner Kindergarten' by Karl Schellner was published by Alfred Holder in Vienna in 1880. It contains sections about Das Falten, Das Verschnuren, Das Ausschneiden and Das Pappen. (I have not seen a copy of the first edition and do not know when it was published.) The section about Falten states 'folding is intended to create forms for representation that can easily serve as suitable tools for elementary and secondary school students in drawing and geometric form theory lessons.'

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'Maakt de Kinderen Gelukkig' by Elise Van Calcar was published by H C Van Calcar in Gravenhage in 1880. The work is in a question and answer format, which means that the information it contains is often not arranged in a very logical way. It contains brief sections about / mentions of Erkenntisformen (Folds of Knowledge), Lebensformen (Folds of Life), Napkin Folds, Schonnheitsformen (Folds of Beauty), Braiding, Verschnuren, Ausschneiden und Aufkleben (as paper tearing) and Cardboard Modelling.

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1882

'Part 2 of The Kindergarten Guide' by Maria Kraus Boelte and John Kraus was published by E. Steiger and Company in New York and by George Philip and Son in London, probably as a whole in 1882, although individual parts may have been published earlier. It contains chapters on Paper Folding (Falten), Paper-Interlacing (Verschnuren), Weaving (Flechten), Paper-Cutting and Mounting (Ausschneiden und Aufkleben) and Cardboard Modelling.

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'Die Schulwerkstatt' (The School Workshop) by E Barth and W Niederly was published in Bielefeld and Leipzig in 1882. It contains a section on 'Falten'. A few other paperfolding related items appear in other sections.

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A heavily revised second edition of 'Der Kindergarten: Theoretisch-Praktisches Handbuch' by A S Fischer was published in 1883. The paperfolding material about folding from strips in the first edition has been omitted and new material added about Falten, Ausschneiden und Aufkleben and Flechten (the free weaving element)..

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1883

'Hand Work & Head Work' (a translation by Alice M Christie of 'Die Arbeit Und Die Neue Erziehung' by Bertha Marenhotz-Bulow, 1883

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1885

The second 'revised and improved edition of 'Spiel und Arbeit' by Hugo Elm was published by Verlag und Drud der Otto Spamer in Leipzig. It is undated but according to the Catalogue of the German National Library it was published in 1885. It is effectively an explanation of some of the Froebelian occupations, but written for children. Inter alia it contains sections on Falten (Schonnheitsformen), Verschnuren and Free Weaving, Napkin Folding, Auschneiden und Aufkleben and Free Cutting, and Papparbeiten.

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1887

'Die Praxis der Fröbelschen Erziehungslehrein: Part 2 of Theoretisches und praktisches Handbuch der Fröbelschen Erziehungslehre' by Bertha von Marentholtz-Bülow was published in by George H Wigand in Kassel in 1887. It contains chapters on 'Das Falten' , 'Das Flechten', 'Das Verschnuren' and 'Das Auschneiden', all of which contain an element of paperfolding.

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'Primary Methods: A Complete and Methodical Presentation of the Use of Kindergarten Material in the Primary School' by W N Hailmann was published by A S Barnes and Company in New York and Chicago in 1887. As the title makes clear, the material it contains is intended for use in primary classes rather than in kindergarten. It contains sections about Verschnuren, Ausschneiden und Aufkleben, Combinations, Pattern Drawing based on Folded Grids and Cardboard Modelling.

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'Le Travail Manuel a L'Ecole Primaire' by M. Coste et J. Lapassade was published by Lafon, Vve Ribaut et Tonnet in Pau and A Jeande in Paris in 1887. It contains a month by month syllabus for classroom-based manual work for four school years, Section Enfantine, Cours Elementaire, Cours Moyen and Cours Superieure. The type of handicrafts differ from year to year, reflecting the ability of the children at each stage. Pliage (Paperfolding), Pliage et Decoupage (symmetrical paper cuts), Tressage (Braiding) and Strip Folding (Verschnuren) form a significant part of the syllabus for the Section Enfantine and Cours Elementaire divisions. Cardboard Modelling designs feature in the Cours Moyen and Cours Superieure syllabuses.

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'Cours de Travail Manuel (Pour les Garcons) Premier Partie' by A Planty was published by Gedalge Jeune in Paris in 1887. Inter alia, the work contains exercises making use of Pliage (Paperfolding), Pliage de Bandelettes (Strip Folding), Tressage (Braiding) and Cartonnage (Cardboard Modelling) designs.

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1888

'Royal Gifts for the Kindergarten' by Frances Post Van Norstrand and Alice H Putnam was published by the Standard Publishing Company in Chicago in 1889. It contains chapters on Paper Folding (Falten), Paper Cutting and Mounting (Ausschneiden und Aufkleben), Paper weaving (Free Weaving), and Paper Intertwining (Verschnuren).

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'Cours de Travail Manuel (Pour les Garcons): Deuxieme Partie' by A Planty was published by Gedalge Jeaune in Paris in 1888. It contains Cardboard Modelling designs for boxes, polyhedra and useful objects

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1889

'Friedrich Fröbels Course of Paper-Cutting' by Eleonore Heerwart was published by Swan Sonnenschein and Co in London in 1889. It is, as the title says, a description of Froebel's own Course of Paper-Cutting (Ausschneiden und Aufkleben, although with additional material added by the author. However, the author clearly differentiates between Froebel's original course and the later additions.

'Hand-And-Eye Training, Part 1' by George Ricks, subtitled 'Being a development of the kindergarten for junior and senior scholars' (ie pupils aged 7 to 14 years), was published by Cassell and Company Ltd in London, New York and Melbourne in 1889. It has chapters about Paperfolding (limited to preparing folded grids then cutting the grids into tiles and using the tiles to create patterns), Ausschneiden und Aufklaben and Cardboard Modelling. It also contains a rable showing which occupations are suitable for each school year.

'National Kindergarten Manual' by Louise Pollock was published by DeWolfe, Fisk and Company in Boston in 1889. It contains a sample lesson on paperfolding, mention of various Simple Folds of Life and a few other very simple paperfolding designs.

'Der erste Unterricht in der Knabenhandarbeit' by Gustav Kalb was published in 1889. I have not seen a copy of this work but a translation into English (with added material) was published as 'First Lessons in Hand and Eye Training' in 1893 (see below).

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1890

'Les travaux manuels a l'ecole primaire' by Dauzat and Deramond, 1890

'Le travail manuel a l'ecole et dans la famille' by Bertrand, Toussaint and Gombert, 1890

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1891

'Education of Head and Hand' by Gabriel Bamberger, 1891

'Our Little Kings and Queens at Home and at School' by Lida Brooks Miller, 1891

'Primary Manual Training' by Caroline F Cutler, 1891

'Practical Kindergarten Lessons for English Infant Schools' by Mrs E. Mortimer, 1891

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1892

'Illustrated Lessons for the Kindergarten and Primary School with Paper Folding' by W E Sheldon et al, 1892

'Le Travail Manuel a L'Ecole Primaire' by Jully & Rocheron, 1892.

Several articles were published in the Mexican magazine 'Cosmos' translating parts of 'Le travail manuel a l'ecole et dans la famille' by Bertrand, Toussaint and Gombert dealing with Falten, Ausschneiden und Aufkleben, Verschnuren and Pappen into Spanish.

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1893

'Practical Suggestions for Kindergartners, Primary Teachers and Mothers' by Jeannette R Gregory, 1893

'Sloyd: Educational Manual Training' by Everett Schwartz, 1893

'First Lessons in Hand and Eye Training' by Gustav Kalb, 1893

'Paper and Scissors in the Schoolroom' by Emily Weaver, 1893

'Paper Folding for Schools' by Lucy R Latter, 1893

'L'Annee Preparatoire de Travail Manuel' by M P Martin, 1893

'Cuestiones de Pedagogía Práctica: Medios de Instruir' by Vicente Castro Legua, 1893

'De eerste leerjaren voor het onderwijs in handenarbeid' by J Stam and A van Wamel, 1893

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1894

'Course of Paper-Plaiting and Mat-Weaving' by Eleonore Heerwart, 1894

'Paper Folding / Forms of Life, Beauty, and Knowledge' by Albert Elias Maltby, 1894

'Jeux et Occupations Pour les Petits: Guide des Mères et des Institutrices' by Henriette Suzanne Brés, 1894

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1895

'Course of Paperfolding' by Eleonore Heerwart, 1895

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1896

'The Republic of Childhood' by Kate Douglas Wiggin and Nora Archibald Smith, 1896

'The Kindergarten System Explained' by Ada S Ballin and Elinor A Welldon, 1896

'Kindergarten Papers' by Sara Miller Kirby, 1896

'El trabajo manual' by Santiago H FitzSimon and Pablo A Pizzurno, 1896

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1897

'Kindergarten Guide' by Lois Bates, 1897

'Pliage et Decoupage du Papier' by C Savineau, 1897

'L'education normale des tout petits' by A Vaugnat, 1897

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1898

No relevant publications

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1899

No relevant publications

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